Supreme Court Rulings - Potter v. California Essay

Supreme Court Rulings - Potter v. California - Essay Example It is not only prudent for the government to protect the civil liberties of its citizens but it is a contractual obligation to do so as stipulated in the Constitutional Bill of Rights. Civil liberty is in itself a form of natural liberty, part of which is divested and placed in the hands of the government in order to produce more good and bring happiness in the entire community than if it were to remain in the hands of the individual (Cohen 15). Civil liberty as an offshoot of natural liberty for one to do as they please is not restricted by the government to the extent that it does not threaten public welfare. Civil liberty in guaranteeing one’s freedom to do what they want is limited to injury or harm of others by the action done. The concept of civil liberties is grounded on liberal theory. Liberal philosophers believed in a state of nature prior to a political society where individuals were entirely free to do anything, including killing each other. Creation of societies n ecessitated the need to keep people and their possessions secure thus restricting natural liberty as far as necessary for security of everyone. Any natural right that threatened public order was taken away. The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States protects rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion from being interfered with by the government. The freedom of expression is constituted by the rights to freedom of press, speech, implied rights of belief and association, assembly, and right to petition the government in order to get a redress of grievances. Interpretation of the extent of protection given to these rights is reserved for the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has interpreted The First... The researcher states that the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States protects rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion from being interfered with by the government. The freedom of expression is constituted by the rights to freedom of press, speech, implied rights of belief and association, assembly, and right to petition the government in order to get a redress of grievances. Interpretation of the extent of protection given to these rights is reserved for the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has interpreted The First Amendment to apply to the federal government. In this case, the researcher believes that Mr. Potter in pleading the First Amendment referred to the arrest as infringing on his freedom of expression. This freedom basically entails freedom of speech and it would be expedient for us to delve into its intricacies. First, the right to freedom of speech gives individuals the right to express themselves with no constraint or interference and in deed Mr. Potter exercised their freedom in this regard. Second, it is a requirement by the Supreme Court to give justification for interfering with this cases where it makes an attempt to regulate content of speech. Third, is the right to assemble, which allows people to congregate for lawful and peaceful purposes. The right to belief and association is embedded within this right too, which are the First, the Fifth, and the Fourteenth. Fourth, an individual has the right to petition government in order to obtain redress of their grievances.

Management Work and Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management Work and Society - Research Paper Example But at the same time there are many factors that prevent career choice options from being achieved. These factors include age, gender, race and education etc. All these factors might restrict a person’s career choice options. We will try to shed more light on these factors in the text below. Our discussion will include differences between achieved and ascribed roles. The main theories of occupational choices will also be examined and how these theories relate to the different roles. Objective and subjective constraints on occupational choice will be elaborated upon. Our discussion will also include analysis of the possible ways to reduce barriers for exercising career choice. Finally future organization and their effects on career choices will be examined. Differences between Achieved and Ascribed Roles A role is defined as a set of behaviour that is followed by a person acting in a social situation. The concept of role is very important because they have a huge impact on the behaviour of a person observing any role. Doctors and nurses are more responsible because they have a huge responsibility (saving people’s lives) so any person who is a doctor or a nurse will try to be responsible. Roles are of two types; they can be achieved or ascribed. Ascribed roles are those that are assigned to a person from inheritance. These roles are not based on merit but are based on the traits which are beyond one’s control (Stark, R. 2007). Achieved roles on the other hand are based on merit and personal skill. A person’s personal efforts and abilities have a role to play in his or her achieved roles. Gender, age, nationality etc. are some of the ascribed roles. These roles are involuntary in nature. Achieved role include doctors, engineers, criminals, footballers etc. These roles are based on one’s personal abilities and are voluntary in nature. Both of these roles have an impact on career choice. Due to some ascribed roles like gender and a ge a person might not be able to pursue a profession like baseball. Key Theories of Occupational Choice There are two main approaches that explain how a person chooses his or her occupation. These include developmental approach of occupational choice and structural approach. There is another theory called impulse or accidental theory of occupational choice. All three of these theories attempt to explain how a person chooses profession. Accidental theory of occupational choice gives a very simple explanation of career choice. It says that people choose their profession simply because of external factors that are beyond their control. Chance plays a role in occupational choice according to this theory. If we consider this theory to be true then all people become what they are simply because of events that are not in their control. The choices are voluntary but these choices are not because of interest in a particular field or goal of personal development rather they are an outcome of uncontrollable events. The achieved roles of a person according to this theory are also because of factors that are not controlled by the person. Uncertain events determine even the achieved roles of a person. It is however important to note that a personal merit of a person still plays a role after the choice of occupation but the choice itself is characterized by accident or chance. There is some empirical evidence that supports this theory as many famous people choose the

Strategic Marketing Management Of Marks And Spencer Marketing Essay

Strategic Marketing Management Of Marks And Spencer Marketing Essay By the end of the 1990s, the UK retailer Marks and Spencer experienced dramatic falls in profits and declining share price. From May 2000, the business turned around. For the year ended March 29. 2008, Marks and Spencer reported revenues of  £9,002 million. Inmarch 2000, Tibbett and Britten started in UK central warehousing operating a new contract covering of wines, beers and spirits. (Seth and Randall, 2001) Marketing strategy is the process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase improving the companys performance.The Chartered Institute of Marketing has defined Marketing as the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably. Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of goods, ideas and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. (Lancaster and Raynolds 2002) The overall purpose of marketing planning and its principal focus is the identification and creation of sustainable competitive advantage. In principles various types of step come in under in it like concept, mission and vision of a company, sequencing and scheduling of activities, time scaling, monitoring and control, systematic approach and resource requirement. Porters Generic Strategies According to Porter, organizations at the business level may pursue overall cost leadership and focus or differentiation strategy. (Griffin, 2008) Overall cost leadership A strategy in which an organisation tries to get a competitive advantage by decreasing its price as compare the cost of their competing firms called overall cost leadership. Timex uses anoverall cost leadership strategy. By keeping low costs, an organisation is able to buy their product at low price and still getting profit. In simple words, there is less differentiation in their products and the prices are very competitive.This means that these businesses offer standardised products to a market with relatively similar product needs by the customers and less differentiation wanted. Focus strategy A strategy in which an organisation concentrates on a specific regional market, product line, or group of buyers. This strategy may have either a differentiation focus, or overall cost leadership. The idea of the focus strategy is to pick one segment of all of the available ones and identify their needs, wants and demands and cater to them specifically.While adopting a broad focus scope, the principal is the same the firm must discover needs and wants of the crowd customers.A focus strategy should target market segments that are less weak to substitute where a competition is weakest to. Differentiation Strategy A strategy in which an organisation through their quality of services and products pursue to differentiate itself from competitor. In this new creations and innovations occurs that make a product or service unique. These creations may be in design, brand image, technology, features or customer services.To put it in another way, if your products or services are different from those offered in the market by other competitors. Limitations of generic strategic strategy There are some limitations of generic strategy. Thereis lack of specification and flexibilities. Generally the value of timing strategy depends on resources and capabilities of the organisation. The actual strategies depend on time and position, suggesting a matrix view of Porters generic strategies and the typical timing strategies. Advantages of generic strategic strategy The main advantages of it market is obtaining market share and enhance ones reputation as being the leader. There is no guarantee that lead can be maintained. The another one is that cost is low and the quality is good. P 4 Changes in marketing environment Today fashion is ultimately about change. Every season there is new fashion and many of these changes by designers to satisfy customers, but others are because of influences beyond the control of designers and when all these are gathered together called marketing environment. There are many reasons for marketing environment like changes in supply and demand environment, rising expectation, technological change, competition, globalization, erosion of brands, micro market etc. (Easey, 2009) Competition Competition can be dealt very cleverly and easily. Whenever a new entrant comes in the market, offer competitive rates and give offers to customers. Globalization Todays marketing environment is influenced by global market. To meet the environment challenges, a company must be recognize and understand the culture, life style trends, national trends and so many other things that is beneficial for marketing changes. Due to globalization and technological changes there are some changes occurs in Marks and spencer within time to time as every organisation has to adopted some changes if its wants to grow in this fast development world. Technological change Various types of technological changes are the reasons of changes in marketing environment. The lively capabilities framework analyzes the sources and methods of wealth creation and detain by private venture firms operating in environments of rapid technological change. Of all new technologies create a great impact on marketing environment.Now every business cannot afford to keep their machinery and computers updated all the time considering how fast new models and new technology is coming in todays age. P 5 IMPLICATIONS E MARKET STRATEGY E market strategys importance are indicated by Michael porter the key question is not whether to deploy internet technology companies have no choice if they want to stay competitive but how to deploy it. It depends on the circumstances that at but extant e market strategy will be successful. It depends on the character of the product and services and behavior of buyers. Extended market mix depends on 7 ps. (2001) these are product, price, place promotion, people, process and physical evidence. But in e market there are some other steps: Personalization Privacy Customer service Community Site Security Sales promotion We can see that e marketing implies new scope to be measured sideways of those innate from the conventional marketing. These scopes rotate around the concept of relational functions and they are must to be incorporated in any e marketing strategy in order to be capable and convey results. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT A new product can be a product or a service.New products often glow with such promise, and their forecasts ring with such authentic precision, that entire business strategies defining an organizations future are built upon them (Thomas, 1993, p. 3) There are two corresponding pathway concerned in the NPD procedure: one engages the idea generation,  product plan  and detail manufacturing; the other involves market investigate and  marketing testing. Product development is a broad field of endeavor dealing with the design, creation and marketing of new products. New product development, is referred as the discipline is focused on developing systematic methods for guiding all the processes involved in getting a new product to market. It can be the next revolutionary computer chip or a new holidays package. The point is the idea of new product development is always risky. It means turning an idea into a new product, once you have decided to go ahead with it. It covers, Technical obsolescence is on high In the same market increased number of competitions. Reducing the risk as early as possible. Setting a space, a price and a schedule. Running the project team and keeping costs under control. New product development is six steps process. These are: Idea generation Screening and evaluation Business analysis Development Testing Commercialization New product ideas transience is habitually high. Organizations need to produce a satisfactory flow of them to attain their enlargement objectives. P6 Functional areas Functional areas of management mean the sum of total of all activities which are performed in an organization to achieve the objectives of the oganisation. No doubt those strategies are important in any organization. But there are some other parts which are very important to run an organization.There are some functional areas which contribute a lot to the achievement of an organizations marketing objectives. (Frank and dark, 2009)These are here- Sales department The sales department has a central role in publishing companies. It is well worth taking time to understand how it works. This is the subdivision which will have a vital effect on the sales of your book. Their participation and support are key to its success. The large publishing groups work rather another way from smaller firms. Finance department Procurement services manager, departmental administrator, procurement services division, payments and income division, Accounting information systems division, payroll and pensions division.In finance department there are different parts like head of finance, Assistant head of finance and deputy head of finance. These play a crucial role in any organization. As financial should be very strong of any organization. CONCLUSION Strategic marketing has a huge range of activities that is covering various types of things. It is a method of planning, implementing and evaluating business organisation as an effective and pre-planned manner. There are different types of tools and techniques for a business and various types of method that is using by different organization time to time. We should have a perfect strategic marketing management plan for every business and through this we can monitor our business activity, sales, customer satisfaction. Marketing objects should be clear and measurable. To attain the specific goals we should have a good strategic marketing management plan to be implemented, so that we can get success.

recolections of ww2 :: essays research papers

At the age of about nine, in the year 1939, Alexandra Grochowska (my grandmother) experienced the terrors of World War 2. She lived in a town called Lodz with her parents and two sisters, one, two years older and one, two years younger. On the 1st of September (the day that war broke out) it was warm and sunny Alexandra and her sisters, knowing the war was coming, went for a swim in the nearby dam.As they swam they saw a group of german plains flying overhead, heading for Warszawa (Polands capital city), this meant the war was starting. However many things happened that day, to signal the start of the war, being so young, reality did not hit home. At the end of that day, Alexandra and her sisters arrived back at home, nothing happened for the next few days, the last days of her happy childhood. In the next few days the German Army invaded Lodz, closed down all the Polish schools and introduced curfew hours between 9:00pm and 6:00am. Jews were told to sew 6 pointed stars onto their clothes and some of her best friends were Jews. Alexandra's parents and all polish people were told to purchase black paper to cover their windows with at night time when their lights were on so that the city could not be spotted by plains flying overhead. In trams, Alexandra, like all other polish people, was not allowed in the first cart which was always reserved for Germans. Her city's name was changed to a german one (Lizmanstad), as well as all the city street names. Food tickets were brought in for bread, milk,meat etc. All of a sudden the life she had known had completely changed, she had to growup quickly to adjust to the situation. All Polish schools had been shut down, so in a daring move teachers put their lives on the line to organise secret lessons. Alexandra went to these lessons and one in particular stuck out in her mind. They were sitting in the makeshift classroom learning when, suddenly, the son of the teacher,who was standing on lookout, burst in the door saying that the German patrol is coming,in all the panic and comotion of re-arranging the room one boy panicked and jumped out of the first floor window. In jumping out of the window his ring finger (which had a ring on it) got caught on a nail which was protruding out of the sill.

Economic Basics Essay

1. Describe two examples of important things that financial planning skills can help you do, and explain why these things are important to you personally. (4-6 sentences. 2.0 points) Financial planning skills can help you acquire more in term of finance and can also help you secure what you have. When you have skill to plan, you are aware of how to manage your account hence adding on your profit. Securing what you have is important as it ensures that you do not go broke or lose everything. It’s immensely important because I want to be financially successful in my future. 2. List two examples of goods you have purchased in the past or may purchase in the future. (Complete sentences are not necessary. 0.5 points) Snacks from the store, clothes from shops 3. Imagine that you are considering moving to a new country and looking for a job there, but you first want to make sure the country has a strong economy. Describe at least three economic factors that you would want to research as evidence of the economy’s strength or weakness, and explain how each factor would affect your decision to move there. (4-6 sentences. 3.0 points) I would look at the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). And what has the unemployment rate been over the last 20 years? Is the economy strong enough to absorb foreigners? Since you would be a foreigner in this country, you need to make sure you’ve got a good chance getting a job etc. 4. In capitalism, most businesses have a profit motive. Describe at least one reason that businesses with a profit motive may be helpful for society and at least one reason that they may be harmful for society. Then, explain whether you think profit motive is a good thing or a bad thing for society. (4-7 sentences. 2.0 points) One reason profit motives are helpful, is because they get the business the money it needs. Also helps pay employees and such. One reason why it could be harmful is because it’s all money driven. They’re taking money away from people who need it. In my personal opinion, I have a neutral feeling towards profit motive. 5. Imagine that you are buying a new computer and comparing different brands and prices. Describe at least two nonprice competition factors you might consider when making your decision. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) There are a bunch of things you should consider like whether or not the brand or style of  computer is reliable and fast. You might have to compromise because one might have â€Å"x† features you like while the other has â€Å"y† features you like. 6. Describe a product, and then give an example of a time when the demand for this product might be high and the demand for this product might be low. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) Sweaters, for example, would be at a higher demand rate when it gets cold out. There aren’t too many people who want to wear sweaters in the summertime so demand for them is going to be much lower in the summer.

Values Attitude and Lifestyle

Vals – Values attitude and lifestyle December 18, 2011 by Hitesh Bhasin Vals which is also known as values attitude and lifestyle is one of the primary ways to perform psychographic segmentation. All three terms are intangible in nature and therefore give an idea of the inert nature of the consumer. If you know what your consumer is thinking, you would know what kind of promotions or communications will attract him most. And how do you know what the consumer is thinking? By determining his vals –   Values, attitudes and lifestyle. VALS is different for different people.Lets take income as an example. If you are a person with high income your lifestyle would probably include habits of the SEC A class such as dining out of home frequently and that too in top class restaurants, wearing only branded clothes and buying the best cars out there. Whereas if you are a middle class income group consumer, you would be more wary of spending money and would rather concentrate on s avings. So now how does VALS affect a marketer? Lets say you were a banker. What would you sell someone who had a high income lifestyle?You would sell them investment options and would also dedicate a relationship manager to take care of their needs. In fact, the bankers also have a term for high income individuals known as HNI –   high networth individuals. But, if your lifestyle was that of a low income customer, you are more likely to be targeted for savings History of the term VALS  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   VALS is actually a proprietary term of SRI international. The term was developed by Social scientist and futurist Arnold mitchell. Arnold mitchell actually developed the vals framework to determine different classes of people who had varying values, attitudes and lifestyle.These people were determined by the resources they had at their disposal as well as the amount of primary innovation they could accept or create. Thus the people with low resources were low on innovation and the ones with higher resources were higher in innovation. This formed the basis of the VALS framework. The VALS framework Image source – SRI International As mentioned in the history of VALS, The VALS framework was developed keeping a consumers resources as well as his capacity to accept innovation in mind.The X axis consisted of primary motivation (explained below)  and the Y axis consisted of resources such as income, education, confidence etc. Thus these two factors were determined to be critical to define the values attitude and lifestyle of any consumer. Resources –   Included resources available to an individual such as income, education, intelligence, emotional support, etc. Primary motivation –   Which determined what actually drives the individual. Is it knowledge, the desire to achieve something or is it to be social.After researching above 1500   consumers, Arnold mitchell actually divided consumers into 9 different types based on the amount of resources they had as well as their capacity for primary motivation. These classes of consumers based on their VALS were. Innovators –   The class of consumer at the top of the vals framework. They are characterized by High income and high resource individuals for whom independence is very important. They have their own individual taste in things and are motivated in achieving the finer things in life. Thinkers –   A well educated professional is an excellent example of Thinkers in the vals framework.These are the people who have high resources and are motivated by their knowledge. These are the rational decision making consumers and are well informed about their surroundings. These consumers are likely to accept any social change  because of their knowledge level. Believers –   The subtle difference between thinkers and believers is that thinkers make their own decisions whereas believers are more social in nature and hence also believe other consume rs. They are characterized by lower resources and are less likely to accept innovation on their own.They are the best class of word of mouth consumers. Achievers –   The achievers are mainly motivated by –   guess what  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   Achievements. These individuals want to excel at their job as well in their family. Thus they are more likely to purchase a brand which has shown its success over time. The achievers are said to be high resource consumers but at the same time, if any brand is rising, they are more likely to adopt that brand faster. Strivers –   Low resource consumer group which wants to reach some achievement are known as strivers. These customers do not have the resources to be an achiever.But as they have values similar to an achiever, they fall under the striver category. If a striver can gain the necessary resources such as a high income or social status then he can move on to becoming an achiever. Experiencers –   The group of c onsumers who have high resources but also need a mode of self expression are known as Experiencers. Mostly characterized by young adults,  it consists of people who want to experience being different. This class of consumers is filled up with early adopters who spend heavily on food, clothing and other youthful products and services.Makers –   These are consumers who also want self expression but they are limited by the number of resources they have. Thus they would be more focused towards building a better family rather than going out and actually spending higher amount of money. Making themselves into better individuals and families becomes a form of self expression for the Makers. Survivors –  Ã‚  The class of consumers in the Vals framework with the least resources and therefore the least likely to adopt any innovation. As they are not likely to  change their course of action regularly, they form into brand loyal customers.An example can include old age pen sion earners living alone  for whom the basic necessities  are important and they are least likely to concentrate on anything else. Thus the vals framework  can be used primarily to classify consumers based on their values, attitudes and lifestyle. Once the classification has been done, you know which types of customers you want to target. Depending on your target customers vals, you can make up your marketing strategy and your promotional message such that it hits your audience at the right spot.